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James Stuart Blacktin (January 5, 1875 – August 13, 1941) (usually known as J. Stuart Blackton) was an Anglo-American film producer, most notable for making the first silent film that included animated sequences recorded on standard picture film – ''The Enchanted Drawing'' (1900) – and is because of that considered the father of American animation. Both stop-motion and drawn animation techniques were used in his films. He was also a director of silent film, and the founder of Vitagraph Studios.〔 ==Career== Blackton was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. His surname was originally Blacktin, his parents being Henry Blacktin and Jessie, née Stuart. He emigrated with his family to the USA at 10 years of age. He worked as a reporter and illustrator for the ''New York Evening World'' newspaper, and performed regularly on stage with conjuror Albert Smith. In 1896, Thomas Edison publicly demonstrated the Vitascope, one of the first film projectors, and Blackton was sent to interview Edison and provide drawings of how his films were made. Eager for good publicity, Edison took Blackton out to his "Black Maria", the special cabin he used to do his filming, and created a film on the spot of Blackton doing a lightning portrait of Edison. The inventor did such a good job selling the art of movie-making that he talked Blackton and partner Smith into buying a print of the new film as well as nine other films, plus a Vitascope to show them to paying audiences (Reader was brought back in to run the projector). The new act was a great success, largely despite the various things Blackton and Smith were doing between the Edison films. The next step was to start making films of their own. In this way the American Vitagraph Company was born. During this period, J. Stuart Blackton was not only running the Vitagraph studio, but also producing, directing, writing, and even starring in his films (he played the comic strip character "Happy Hooligan" in a series of shorts). Since profits were constantly increasing, Blackton felt that he could try any idea that sprang to his head. In a series of films, Blackton developed the concepts of animation. The first of these films is ''The Enchanted Drawing'', with a copyright date of 1900 but probably made at least a year earlier. In this film, Blackton sketches a face, cigars, and a bottle of wine. He appears to remove the last drawings as real objects, and the face appears to react. The "animation" here is of the stop-action variety (the camera is stopped, a single change is made, and the camera is then started again) first used by Méliès and others. The transition to stop-motion was apparently accidental and occurred around 1905. According to Albert Smith, one day the crew was filming a complex series of stop-action effects on the roof while steam from the building's generator was billowing in the background. On playing the film back, Smith noticed the odd effect created by the steam puffs scooting across the screen and decided to reproduce it deliberately. A few films (some of which are lost) use this effect to represent invisible ghosts or to have toys come to life. In 1906, Blackton directed ''Humorous Phases of Funny Faces'', which uses stop-motion as well as stick puppetry to produce a series of effects. After Blackton's hand draws two faces on a chalkboard, they appear to come to life and engage in antics. Most of the film uses live action effects instead of animation, but nevertheless this film had a huge effect in stimulating the creation of animated films in America. In Europe, the same effect was had from "The Haunted Hotel" (1907), another Vitagraph short directed by Blackton. The "Haunted Hotel" was mostly live-action, about a tourist spending the night in an inn run by invisible spirits. Most of the effects are also live-action (wires and such), but one scene of a dinner making itself was done using stop-motion, and was presented in a tight close-up that allowed budding animators to study it for technique. Blackton made another animated film that has survived, 1907's "Lightning Sketches", but it has nothing to add to the art of animation. In 1908 he made the first American film version of ''Romeo and Juliet'', filmed in New York City's Central Park and ''The Thieving Hand'', filmed in Flatbush, Brooklyn. By 1909, Blackton was too absorbed in the business of running Vitagraph to have time for filmmaking. He came to regard his animation experiments in particular as being rather juvenile (they receive no mention in his unpublished autobiography). Stuart Blackton believed that the US should join the Allies involved in WWI overseas and in 1915 produced ''The Battle Cry of Peace''. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the film's staunchest supporters and convinced Gen. Leonard Wood to loan Blackton an entire regiment of marines to use as extras. Upon its release, the film generated a controversy rivaling that of ''Birth of a Nation'' because it was considered as militaristic propaganda. Blackton left Vitagraph to go independent in 1917, but returned in 1923 as junior partner to Albert Smith. In 1925, Smith sold the company to Warner Brothers for a comfortable profit. Blackton did quite well with his share until the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which destroyed his savings. He spent his last years on the road, showing his old films and lecturing about the days of silent movies. His daughter Violet Virginia Blackton (1910–1965) married writer Cornell Woolrich in 1930 but their marriage was annulled in 1933. In the 1930s, Blackton produced letterhead that read, "Pioneer of the Movies in Association with Thomas A. Edison in 1896. Founder of the Famous Vitagraph Company of America in 1900. Producer of Countless Successful Motion Pictures. Creator of Hundreds of Screen Stars – Commodore J. Stuart Blackton – Presents the First Comprehensive and Authentic History of the Motion Picture in Absorbing and Entertaining Discourse Entitled — "The Inside Story of the Movies" — Illustrated by Rare and Priceless Historical Motion Pictures of the Screen's Greatest Stars from 1986 to the Present Day. The Glamorous Story of the Movies told by "THE DEAN OF THE SCREEN." The sidebar read, "Remember Roly-Poly and John Bunny? Funny Flora Finch? Beautiful Florence Turner? and Handsome Maurice Costello? These Beloved Favorites All Live Again in BLACKSTON'S (sic) FILM. This unique entertainment is endorsed by the California Federation of Woman's Clubs The Parent Teachers Assn., Universities, Press and the Public. Hollywood, Calif. Phone Hempstead 6641." In 1934, he signed and sent a letter to American Legion Hollywood Post 43, arranging for "The Inside Story of the Movies" (referred to in the body of the letter as "The March of the Movies") to be shown twice at the Post on Monday, January 7, 1935 at "9 or 9:15 p.m.," and Tuesday, January 8, 1935 at 8:30 p.m. "For the first evening," the letter states, "I am to receive twenty-five dollars for my services and for the second evening... an admission is to be charged and the entire proceeds are to be divided equally between Legion Post 43 and myself." He married Evangeline Russell de Rippeteau in 1936. Blackton's death was the result of a road accident, he succumbed to head injuries suffered when he was "struck by an automobile while crossing the street with his son". He was survived by his "widow, the former Evangeline Russell, who was an actress; two daughters, Mrs. Gloria Bowers and Mrs. Marian Trimble; and two sons, J. Stuart Blackton, Jr., and Charles Stuart Blackton. Blackton up to the time of his death had been working for Hal Roach, experimenting with a method of improving color process backgrounds by using black light." Cremated, his ashes were placed in the columbarium at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「J. Stuart Blackton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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